Citation & Credits

How to cite this resource

If you use this site in research or teaching, please cite it as follows:

Khan (2026). Sanskrit Corpus (वाणी) [Digital Sanskrit corpus & lexical database]. https://kosa.asphodelus.me

Sources & acknowledgements

• The digitised texts of the Sanskrit–English/German/French lexica (Monier-Williams, Apte, Böhtlingk-Roth, etc.) come from the Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (CDSL), Universität zu Köln.
• The Héritage du Sanskrit dictionary and the declension/conjugation grammatical engine are the work of Gérard Huet (sanskrit.inria.fr). The English, Thai and Chinese versions here are derivative translations built upon it.
• The source lexica themselves (19th to early 20th century) are public-domain scholarship; their original authors are credited on each entry in the dictionary library.

Full source & licence manifest

Each item below stays under its own licence and is not re-licensed by this site’s own terms; where an item is marked attribution / ShareAlike / NonCommercial / NoDerivatives, honour those terms.

Dictionaries & lexica

• Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (CDSL), Universität zu Köln — © The Sanskrit Library & Thomas Malten — CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 — sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de
  The CDSL licence covers Cologne’s digitisation of public-domain lexica (Monier-Williams, Apte 1890, Böhtlingk-Roth, Cappeller, Macdonell, etc.). Individual dictionaries that are themselves still in copyright are listed under “Restricted” below, not under this badge.
• Sanskrit Heritage — Héritage du Sanskrit & declension/conjugation engine — © Gérard Huet — LGPLLR — sanskrit.inria.fr
• Public-domain source lexica (pre-1929): Monier-Williams 1872/1899, Apte 1890, Macdonell 1893, Böhtlingk-Roth, Cappeller, Benfey, Wilson, Yates, classical kośas (Amara, Hemacandra, Halāyudha, Śabdakalpadruma, Vācaspatyam) — public domain — original authors credited per entry.
• Monier-Williams 1899 → Thai translation — original translation by Khan of a public-domain base — © Khan, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.

Corpus & grammatical analysis

• Digital Corpus of Sanskrit (DCS), Oliver Hellwig — CC BY 4.0 — github.com/OliverHellwig/sanskrit
  Per-word lemma & morphological analysis for ~270 texts and the Bhagavadgītā / Nala readers; data reformatted for display.
• GRETIL, Göttingen — scholarly, non-commercial use — gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de
  Underlying e-texts and gap-verse fill; courtesy credit.
• Underlying Sanskrit texts (Ṛgveda, Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa, purāṇas, śāstra, kāvya…) — public domain (ancient/medieval).

Translations & parallel corpora

• MITRA / Dharmamitra parallel dataset (BALab, UC Berkeley — Nehrdich, Keutzer et al.) — CC BY-SA 4.0 · ShareAlike — kept as an isolated module — dharmamitra.org
• MITRA machine-translation output (self-hosted Gemma-2-MITRA) — Gemma Terms of Use, applied to public-domain source text.
• SuttaCentral — Bhikkhu Sujato translations + Mahāsaṅgīti Pali — CC0 1.0 — suttacentral.net
• CBETA — Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association — CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 TW — cbeta.org
• Itihasa MBh/Rāmāyaṇa EN–SA parallel corpus (Aralikatte et al.) — Apache-2.0; underlying M. N. Dutt translation public domain.
• Vidyut (Ambuda) — MIT · VedaWeb (Cologne) — per-source CC.

Mūlamadhyamakakārikā reading

• English translation of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā — Stephen Batchelor (via WisdomLib) — CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
• Recitation audio — BodhiSvara (reciter: Prof. Kashinath Nyaupane) — CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · NoDerivatives — streamed unmodified, per chapter — bodhisvara.com

Audio

• Synthesised recitations (Bhagavadgītā, Nala, lesson sentences, akṣara sounds) — generated with Matcha-TTS (© 2023 Shivam Mehta, MIT) on public-domain Sanskrit text — © Khan.

Fonts

• Gentium Plus, Noto Serif / Sans Devanagari, Noto Serif / Sans Thai, Noto Serif KR — SIL / Google — SIL Open Font License 1.1

Tools & derived data

• Aksharamukha (transliteration) — Vinodh Rajan — AGPL-3.0 — aksharamukha.appspot.com
• Devanagari stroke-order data — derived from Wikimedia Commons animations (Opiaterein CC BY 3.0; JackPotte CC BY-SA 3.0/GFDL) and Noto glyph outlines (OFL 1.1) · ShareAlike portions kept isolated.

Restricted / all-rights-reserved

The materials below remain the copyright of their authors and publishers with no open licence; they are offered only as limited search / access to registered users, are not redistributed, and are credited to their rights-holders.

• Modern reference works indexed for search (/refs) and certain in-copyright library scans remain © their authors and publishers — used as limited, access-controlled search/reading for registered users only; not offered for download or redistribution.
• In-copyright dictionaries within the collection — Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary revised ed. 1957 (Prasad Prakashan); Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit 1953 (Yale UP); Stchoupak–Nitti–Renou 1959; Mani Purāṇic Encyclopaedia 1975 (Motilal); Meulenbeld; Sircar 1966; Mehendale 1993; Sharma 1978 — © their authors/publishers. Cologne’s digitisation licence does not cover these underlying works; treated as restricted, not open.
• Apte 1957 → Thai translation — a derivative of the in-copyright Apte 1957; requires the rights-holder’s permission and is not covered by this site’s licence.

Licence

The original parts of this site (the website, OCR-edited texts, multilingual translations) are released under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0: free to share and adapt, with attribution, non-commercially, and derivatives under the same licence. Upstream materials (CDSL, Héritage, etc.) remain under their own licences. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 ↗

© 2026 Khan